A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity. An Actuator is a device that alters a physical quantity. In electronic systems, sensor often produces a voltage that is proportional to the physical quantity being measured. The voltage may then be converted to a number by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A sensor that is package with an ADC is called a digital sensor, whereas a sensor without an ADS is called an analog sensor. A digital sensor will have a limited precision, determined by the number of bits used to represent the number (this can be as few as one). The actuator too, it’s commonly driven by a voltage that may be converted from a number by a digital-to-analog converted (DAC). An actuator that is package with a DAC is called a digital actuator.
Today, sensor and actuators are often package with microprocessors or the smaller package is microcontroller and network interfaces like WiFi or Ethernet, enabling them to appear on the Internet as a services. The trend is towards a technology that deeply connects our physical world with our information world through such smart sensors and actuators. The intergrated world is variously called the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0, the Industrial Internet, Machine-to-Machine (M2M), the Internet of Everythings, the Smarter Planter, TSensors (Trillion Sensors) or the Fog (like the Cloud, but closer to the ground).
Some technologies for interfacing to sensors and actuators have emerged that leverage established mechanisms, originally developed for ordinary Internet usage. For example a sensor or actuator may be accessible via web application or mobile phone using the communication protocol like Representational State Transfer (REST), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), and Lightweight M2m (LwM2M). We’ll talk detail about the communication protocol on other section.
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